Diagnosis, Prevalence and Incidence of Root Caries Tooth

Concerns and issues regarding root caries has increased in the last decade. This becomes a clinical challenge today, along with the increasing number of elderly individuals as well as awareness about the importance of maintaining natural teeth. This article discusses the literature on root caries lesions, by looking at risk factors, associated with the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment methods.

Understanding Dental Caries
Dental caries is a disease that has existed since ancient human skull found in primitive around the world who live in remote areas where there is less soft foods and foods rich in karbohidrat.1, 2 During the 17th century, sugar is widely available and cheaper in Europe and the food is replaced with softer foods.

As a result, caries become endemic problems that persisted through the centuries Copyright 3 At present, prediction of root caries as the demographics show a patient an important issue in the next decade where the elderly population to maintain their original teeth.

Ettinger reviewing research on the rate and distribution of caries in the 20th century and concludes that both have different patterns around the world, which is associated with developmental level and industry level. Population in industrialized countries have a less rate of caries in children and increased the number of teeth retained in the elderly, whereas the opposite situation is found in developing countries.

These results can be correlated directly with the population, profile, sex, food, education, the existence of preventive measures and technological advances in industrial countries than in developing countries. In these countries there is later a higher caries rate in urban areas than rural communities caused by the availability of sugar in the area.

Prevalence and Incidence of Root Caries Tooth
Miller, a clinician and professor of conservative dentistry, which is the subject of the review of this paper in the past century in the three articles that discuss something he calls "throw dental tissue". Root caries considered a disease in which the elderly population wants their teeth extracted and replaced with a prosthesis lepasan.8 Currently root caries become a new problem under study in dentistry, in elderly people with their original teeth remain.

With increasing age, more gingival recession is happening, where the root surface exposed to the oral environment and cause increased rate of root caries. Ettinger, a review of several studies related to the prevalence and incidence of root caries in different regions in the U.S., found that more than half of elderly people have root caries and root caries increased with age.

The actual prevalence of root caries is difficult to assess. Interpretation of data from the study the prevalence and incidence of complicated due to differences in diagnostic criteria, treatment decisions and the lack of homogeneity in populations that are observed. However, it has been demonstrated with certainty that the prevalence of root caries increases with age and is greater in the elderly population than young adults.

Katz review with a critical, variables related to root caries and make firm recommendations on how future research should be done to create an index of root caries. In Saudi Arabia, a developing country with a population of 21 million, 50 percent of the population under the age of 19 years.

Recently been found that children in Saudi Arabia has increased the rate of caries. It is important this requires attention and concentration are more in prevention programs by public health personnel to improve levels of health concern and to prevent dental caries at an early age. This makes it more natural teeth are retained and avoids coronal caries when caries cervical occur.

Research indicating that patients who had coronal caries is more likely to experience caries akar.14 root caries in the elderly population in Saudi Arabia have not been reported. Among these studies will greatly assist in encouraging the elderly population is on an individual basis to maintain their dental health is better in their lifestyle.

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Blood Component Therapy and Indications of Blood Transfusion

American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) has developed practice guidelines for blood component therapy. ASA Recommendations for blood transfusion are:

Recommendation: Red Blood Cells
The organization concluded that:

1. Transfusion is rarely indicated when the hemoglobin concentration is greater than 10 g / dL and is almost always indicated when less than 6 g / dL, especially when acute anemia.

2. Does hemoglobin concentration was (6-10 g / dL) requiring transfusion of red blood cells must be based on patients' risk of complications of inadequate oxygenation.

3. Not recommended using only the trigger hemoglobin for patients who fail to fix all the physiological factors important in surgery that could affect oxygenation.

4. If the right circumstances, the use of preoperative autologous blood, intraoperative and postoperative, acute hemodilution normovolemik, deliberate hypotension, and drugs can be beneficial.

5. Indications for autologous transfusion of red blood cells may be better than allogeneic red blood cells because of the risk of disease transmission is lower.

The guidelines emphasize the importance of determining patients' risk of complications related to inadequate oxygenation, a concept that emphasized more recently.

A simplified guide will be very helpful. For example, with the help Habibi et al, following guidelines suggested that administration of a single unit of PRC will increase the hematocrit of 3-5%.

Blood Transfusion Indications are:

o Blood loss> 20% of blood volume when more than 1000 ml.
o Hemoglobin <8 g / dL
o Hemoglobin <10 g / dL with severe disease (eg, emphysema, ischemic heart disease)
o Hemoglobin <10 g / dL with autologous blood
o Hemoglobin <12 g / dL and ventilator dependent
The consideration of oxygen transport capacity is more important than an increase in intravascular volume. Hence the authors emphasize the importance of hemoglobin or hematocrit determination. Prompts many blood banks, autologous blood is better than allogeneic blood.

Autologous vs. allogeneic blood Blood
Surprisingly, there is the notion that autologous blood is safer than allogeneic blood (for example, from the risk of infection). Therefore, autologous blood program can be dihapuskan.Satu example of such research are patients hysterectomy.

Kanter et al found that 25 of the 140 patients who donate blood should be transfused back to him while of the 123 patients who did not donate their own blood to be transfused only 1. Therefore, it was concluded that preoperative autologous blood better be abolished because it increases the risk of allogeneic blood transfusion.

They further argue that autologous blood is not at risk. One of 16,000 autologous blood donation have reactions severe enough to require hospitalization.

In fact, some of the complications associated with autologous blood transfusion on the list below:

1. Anemia
2. Preoperative myocardial ischaemia of anemia
3. The wrong units (1:100,000)
4. Blood transfusions are more often

Suggestions for autologous blood transfusion restriction does not include immunosuppression (see later discussion) or the spread of infections in allogeneic blood. For example, from 1986 to 1991, there were 182 reported transfusion-related distress to the FDA, 29 (16%) of them are caused by bacterial contamination. 10 cases were reported enterokolitika Yersinia infections. Almost all with allogeneic blood, although two patients also received autologous blood, so it was concluded that allogeneic blood is also quite risky.

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Treatment and Prevention of the Disease Creeping Eruption

Definition
Inflammatory skin disorder which is a linear-shaped or winding, creating and progressive, caused by the invasion of hookworm larvae originating from dogs and cats.

Symptom
The entry of eggs into the skin usually accompanied with itching and heat. Will initially be formed papule, followed by a distinctive form, ie, linear-shaped lesions, or winding, creating a 2-3 mm diameter, and reddish. Furthermore, this red papule will spread like a thread winding, creating and forming the tunnel, reaching a length of several centimeters. The itching is usually more severe at night. The infection usually affects the feet, hands, anus, buttocks and thighs.

Treatment
This disease can heal itself. In many cases, the disease will recover without treatment within 4-8 weeks. However, effective treatment can reduce the duration of the disease. Anticacing like tiabendazol, albendazole, ivermectin can be used mebendazol dam. Tiabendazol Topical Solution is the first choice of treatment at the start of symptoms and the lesions are localized. Oral treatment is given when the lesion extends or treatment with a solution tiabendazol failed.

Cause
The cause is a hookworm that normally live in the body of a cat or dog. Worm eggs into the human body through skin contact with eggs in dog poop or cat.

Prevention
Using the shoes in endemic areas (areas where the incidence of high hookworm infection) may prevent the penetration of eggs through the legs.

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How Gonorrhea Treatment On Disease

DEFINITION
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria are generally transmitted through unprotected sex, but also in direct contact with an infectious exudate. This disease has a high incidence compared to other sexually transmitted diseases. Although the incidence of this disease has been declining since the 1970s, but nearly 800,000 new cases are discovered each year in the U.S.. In the world there were an estimated 200 million new cases each year. The disease is more often give teenagers and young adults, as well as more common in men than women.

Symptom

Gonorrhea incubation period is very short, the man generally ranged from 2-5 days, sometimes longer. In women the incubation period is difficult to determine because generally causes no symptoms. In men, initially there is itching and heat around the urethra, the tube that delivers urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Furthermore, there is pain during urination and cloudy out thick secretions from the tip of the urethra which is sometimes accompanied by blood. If the infection is getting up, the pain will grow and the more viscous and turbid secretions. In addition there is pain during erection and sometimes there were enlarged lymph nodes in the groin. In women, symptoms, if any, can be very mild, so people do not realize it. As much as 30% -60% of women with gonorrhea no symptoms. Symptoms may include pain during urination, urination becomes more frequent, and sometimes cause pain in the lower pelvis. In addition, there is a thick and cloudy secretions out of the vagina.

Treatment
When you realize has symptoms like the above, or have sexual partners with the above symptoms, should see her doctor. The doctor will do, like taking secretions from the vagina or penis for analysis. Antibiotics are the treatment for gonorrhea. Sexual partners should also be checked and treated as soon as possible when the diagnosis of gonorrhea. This applies to sexual partners in the last 2 months, or past sexual partner for 2 months when there is no sexual activity. Many antibiotics are safe and effective for treating gonorrhea, eradicate N.gonorrhoeae, stop the transmission chain, reduce symptoms, and reduce the possibility of sequelae. The main choice is penicillin + probenecid. Antibiotics can be used for the treatment of gonorrhea, among others:

1. Amoxicillin 2 g + probenecid 1 g, orally
2. 2-3 g ampicillin + probenecid 1 gram. Peroral
3. Azithromycin 2 grams, peroral
4. Cefotaxim 500 mg, Intra muscular injection
5. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg, peroral
6. Ofloxacin 400 mg, peroral
7. Spectinomisin 2 grams, Intra muscular injection

The drugs, administered with a single dose.

Cause
Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These bacteria can be transmitted to others through sexual contact with patients. This disease can also be transmitted from mother to baby during childbirth. We will not be infected with gonorrhea from a towel usage and use public toilets.

Prevention
To prevent transmission of gonorrhea, use of condoms in sexual intercourse. If you have gonorrhea, avoid sexual relations until the antibiotic treatment is completed. Although it has been exposed to gonorrhea, a person can be exposed again, because it will not form immunity to gonorrhea. We also recommend sexual partners to be checked to prevent further infection and prevent transmission. It also advised the prostitute in order to always check themselves regularly, so if the infection can be treated properly.

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Recognizing Various Motion Reflexes In Humans

Motion coordination is a very simple pattern to explain the impulse conduction by saraf.Gerak generally occur consciously, but there are also Garak happened without the knowing it is a reflex. Conscious impulse to the movement through a long path, ie from the receptor, the sensory nerves in the lower to the brain for further processing by the brain and then processed by the brain in the form of response, under the motor nerve as a command to be executed by effectors.

Runs very fast reflexes and responses to stimuli occurs automatically, without requiring the control of the brain. So say the movement can occur without the will or unconsciously influenced in advance. Examples of reflexes such as blinking, sneezing, or coughing.

The basic unit of any activity of the integrated reflex is a reflex arc. Reflex arch consists of the senses, afferent nerve fibers of one or more synapses contained in the central nervous system or in the nerve ganglion simpatios eferent and effectors.

Activities on the reflex arch began in sensory receptors as potential receptors that magnitude is proportional to the strong stimulation. Curvature of the simplest reflex arc reflex adlah having a synapse between neurons and eferent aferent. Such reflex arch is called monosinaptik and reflex that occurs is called reflex monosinaptik.
 

Reflex Motion Classification

Reflex is the mechanism of reaction to stimuli in the unconscious. Instinctive behavior of lower animals as large dominated by the reflex in human behavior is more a matter of requirements and reflexes work as a basic defense mechanism, but the reflexes are very important in diagnosing and localize neurological lesions.

Reflexes that are important to clinical neurology can be divided into 4 groups, namely:
1. reflex superficial (skin and mucus),
2. deep tendon reflexes (miotatik),
3. visceral reflex (organic),
4. pathologic reflexes (abnormal)

Reflex can also be classified according to their degree of centrality refresentasi yaitiu sabagai spinal reflexes, bulbar (postural reflex and enforcement), Tangah brain or cerebellum.

Reflex arch

Simple reflex arch, involving a number of receptor structure is a specialized sensory organ of the skin or the end of the perangsangannya fusus neuromuskularis neoron aferent initiate an impulse that transmits nerve impulses through a peripheral to the central nervous system, where the nerve bersinaps with an intercalation of neurons, one or more neurons convey impulses to the nerves intercalation eferent.

Neoron eferent walked out the nerves and convey impulses to an effector. And that is the effector muscle (smooth muscle, striated, or cardiac muscle) or glands that respond.

While unity is the anatomic nervous system neurons, the functional unit is the environment of this reflex is the anatomic basis for the activities - activities beyond the control reflex our will, this means that the reaction - a reaction that is more or less otomotik and not changing that does not involve functional centers central nervous system is higher.

Components of Reflex Arc
The main components of a most simple reflex arch consists of the following elements:
1. A receptors, which are sensitive to a range of stimuli.
2. An afferent neurons (sensory) that can conduct impulses toward the central nervous system (spinal cord or brain stem), and mengadakar synapsis.
3. A neuron efferent (motor) that can deliver impils-impulses to the peripheral.
4. An effector tool, which merupekan site of reaction, and which can be represented by a muscle fiber or gland cell.

In a simple reflex arch as mentioned above, a stimulation of the receptor would be able to cause a nerve impulse that could ultimately be delivered to effector tools, namely the muscle fibers or glands, and cause a reaction in the form of contraction or secretion.

However, actually a lot of reflex activities which can occur in people living anatomic basis has a much more complicated.

In the reflex arc are called monosinaps and polisinaps, the number of synapses in the curvature varies from 2 to hundreds. In both types of this reflex arc, but mainly on the reflex arch polisinaps, aktivitasdi change by facilitating special and temporal occlusion subliminimal effects and other effects.

Monosinaps reflex: stretch reflex. If skeletal muscle with an intact nerve is stretched muscle will contract. Answer this call stretch reflex. Stimuli that evoke this reflex is a muscle strain, and the answer is that muscle contraction in the stretch.

Sensory organ is the muscle spindle. Impulses originating in the coils deliver to the CNS by sensory fibers that quickly and directly passed to the motor neurons that menyerafi same muscle. Stretch reflex is the only reflex monosinaps in the body.

Examples from the clinic, knocking on the patellar tendon cause knee jerk, a stretch of m.quadriceps femoris reflex causes knocking in the veins stretch.

Runs very ceapt reflexes and responses to stimuli occurs automatically, without requiring the control of the brain. So it can be said in the motion can occur without any influence on the will or without knowing it beforehand. Examples of reflexes such as blinking, sneezing, or coughing.

In reflex, impulses through a short path or a shortcut, ie at the start of the recipient receptor stimulation, and then forwarded by the recipient of stimulation, then forwarded by the sensory nerve to a nerve center, is received by the connecting nerve cell (the association) without being processed in the brain responses sent directly to the motor nerves to be submitted to the effector, ie the muscles or glands.

Good conductor of impulses in the form of stimulus or response through nerve fibers (axons) can occur due to electrical patensial difference between the outside of the inside of the cell. At the time of nerve cells at rest, the positive pole found inside nerve cells. Impulse conduction through the synapses, the meeting point between the terminal axon of one neuron with other neurons called synapses.

Synapses in the cytoplasm bulges are a collection of small membrane structures containing the neurotransmitter called synaptic vesicles. Neuron synapses ending on protrusions called pre-synaptic neuron.
 

Several Reflexes Examination Methods
a. Corneal reflex
Cotton that has been provided, in rolled into a smooth cylindrical shape. People try to move the eyeball to the lateral by looking to one side without moving head. Touch with caution hatai contralateral side of the cornea with cotton. Response that occurs in the form of blinking rapidly.

b. Light reflex
Flashlight that was dropped in the eyes of pupils one try. Response that occurs in the form of pupil constriction homolateral and contra lateral.

c. Periost radial reflex
Arm people try half ditleksikan at the elbow joint and a little hand dipronasikan. Tap the periosteum at the distal end radii os. Response that occurs in people trying to form the elbow flexion and forearm supination tangan.Pada this experiment looks a reflex that occurs in the try.

d. Periost ulnar reflex
Half of the forearm flexed at the elbow joint and the hand between pronation and supination. Tap on periost prosessus stiloideus. Response that occurs is in the form pronation tangan.Pada people try to look at the practical existence of these reflexes.

e. Pess Knee Reflexes (KPR)
In this experiment people try to sit on the perch so that both legs will hang freely or oarang try lying on your back with legs flexed at the knee joint. Tap the patellar tendon with a hammer, causing the leg extension with quadriceps muscle contraction.

f. Achilles reflex pess
People try flexed leg on the knee joint and foot didorsofleksikan, tap the Achilles tendon, resulting in plantar flexion of the foot and kontaraksi gastrocnemius.

g. Biceps reflex
Arm people try setenganh in fleksikan at the elbow joint. Tap on the biceps muscle tendon will cause flexion of the arm at the elbow and the biceps muscle contraction appears.

h. Triceps reflex
Forearm flexed at the elbow joint and a little dipronasikan. A knock on the triceps muscle tendon 5 cm above the elbow, this will lead to the extension arm and the triceps muscle kontarksi.

i. Withdrwal Reflexes
Arm people try to put on the table in a state of extension. Wait when people try not to see you, tusuklah carefully and quickly leather sleeves with sntik sterile needle, gently as possible so as not to hurt people try. Response that occurs in the form of flexion of the arm away from the stimulus.

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Treatment By Disease Uveitis

Definition

Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea .. The uvea is the layer of the eye that lies between layers of the retina and the sclera and consists of the iris, siliar body and choroid. The uvea contains many blood vessels that play a role in providing nutrients to the eye. Inflammation of the uvea can affect the cornea, retina, sclera and vital part of the other eye. Uveitis is estimated to play a role in 10% of blindness in the United States

Symptom

* Uveitis is most common in ages 20-50 years. Symptoms of uveitis include:
* Red eyes
* Eye pain
* Photophobia (light sensitivity)
* Blurred vision and less clear
* There is a dark spot in the field of view

Uveitis can strike suddenly with symptoms of redness and pain, but can also occur slowly with his eyes slightly red and painful but gradually blurred vision.

Treatment

Immediate treatment is necessary to minimize loss of vision. Uveitis is usually only a mild inflammation that treatment with eye drops, especially those containing corticosteroids and drugs for dilation (enlargement) the pupil, is a treatment primarily to reduce inflammation and pain. For more severe inflammation, necessary medicines taken or injected. Complications that can occur, among others, such as glaucoma (increased eye pressure), cataracts, or neovascularization (formation of new blood vessels) also need to be treated in the course of the disease uveitis. If complications are too severe, surgical therapy can be performed. Anterior uveitis usually occurs suddenly, may last for 6-8 weeks and at an early stage can be controlled with the use of eye drops. Posterior uveitis usually occurs slowly and may last longer. More difficult to treat posterior uveitis than anterior uveitis.

Cause

Causes of uveitis in these is an autoimmune disorder, infectious disease in the body, disorder of inflammation, eye trauma and multiple tumors. However, the majority of uveitis of unknown cause. The most frequent type of uveitis is anterior uveitis, in which inflammation occurs in the front of the eye. This type of uveitis is usually limited to only attack the iris, so called iritis (inflammation of the iris). This inflammation can be caused by autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (joint inflammation), or ankylosing spondylitis, but more often occurs in healthy people who do not have the disease. This disorder can only attack one eye and most often about young people. A history of autoimmune disorders is a risk factor for anterior uveitis. Posterior uveitis on the back of the uvea, which consists mainly of the choroid, so named koroiditis (inflammation of the choroid). Posterior uveitis is usually caused by an infectious disease in the body, such as the presence of syphilis or tuberculosis.

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Recognize Signs and Symptoms of AIDS

Definition

AIDS is a collection of symptoms caused by infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) that causes the loss of immunity so that the patient to infection and illness. And in fact found that the cause of AIDS patients die of opportunistic infections is due to illness and not by the HIV infection itself. Immunodeficiency is a state where there is a decrease or absence of the normal immune response. This situation can occur in the primary, which is generally caused by inherited genetic abnormalities, as well as a secondary result of other major diseases such as infection, chemotherapy treatment, sitostatica, radiation, drugs immunosuppressive (suppress the immune system) or at an advanced age and malnutrition (Malnutrition). AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome occurs secondary immunodeciency caused by HIV infection. Immune deficiency can be seen in the levels of CD4 (less than 200) in the body.

Symptoms and Signs

Travel clinic HIV infection is divided into three phases, an acute phase which lasts for 3-12 weeks, the stage of latent / chronic held between the first year to the seventh, and the stage of the crisis that occurred in the eighth to the eleventh. Someone said to have AIDS if they express a positive HIV test with appropriate checks and obtained at least two major symptoms and one minor symptom, and these symptoms are not caused by other conditions associated with HIV infection

Major Symptoms:

* Body weight decreased by more than 10% in 1 month
* Prolonged diarrhea lasting more than one month
* Prolonged fever of more than one month
Decreased consciousness and neurological disorders (nerve)
* Dementia (memory deficits / memory) / HIV encephalopathy

Minor symptoms:

* Cough settled more than a month
* Generalized itching dermatitis
* The presence of herpes zoster in some places and or recurrent
* Oropharyngeal Candidiasis - fungal disease in the oral cavity and esophagus
* Generalized Lymphadenopathy - enlargement of lymph nodes in all
* Recurrent yeast infections in the female genital

Governance

Therapy given to people with AIDS is the treatment of causal (cause), supportive therapy to improve the patient's general condition, and treatment for opportunistic infections. As causal therapy administered antiretroviral (ARV). Indications of ARV is no evidence of HIV infection with symptoms or HIV infection with CD4 examination (one of the immune system) below 200/mL. If the CD4 examination can not be done, can be used TLC examination. 200/mL CD4 lymphocyte count is approximately equivalent to total 1200sel/dL. ARVs are given by way of combination, it is based on clinical evidence indicating that the initiation of therapy using a combination of two or more drugs to give optimal results. During the provision of ARVs, monitoring of clinical and laboratory. Laboratory monitoring is done is hemoglobin (Hb), SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin, CD4 and viral load. Successful therapy would improve clinical symptoms, CD4 and viral load increases. Effective therapy will show a decrease in viral load after therapy for 3-4 weeks. And some studies suggest that within 6 months of therapy approximately 80% of AIDS patients receiving ART can regularly achieve undetectable state.

Additional examination
To find out if someone has been infected with HIV, can be performed several laboratory tests. Examination of the currently used is an antibody test, the test is easily implemented and low cost. If the antibody test was found positive results, then the examination should be repeated and if still positive tests are confirmed by Western blot. If Western Blot is not available, then the results tested positive when antibody tests showed three positive results. Conversely, a negative result can mean a person is not infected with HIV or are still in the window period.
    * Thermal modalities (heat and cold therapy)
    * Masasage and Traction (for dislocation of the spine)
    * Exercise: roads, bike riding, swimming (depending on the case)
    * Tools (a.l: Coller neck)

Non invasive surgery: nerve blocks with local anesthetic

Surgery: In the HNP that after treatment for 4 weeks did not help and the presence of neurological deficits worsened.

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Treatment In Obesity

Definition
Obesity is a condition in which there is excess fat in the body. Standard definition of obesity and overweight visits by body mass index (BMI). BMI is measured in weight and height ((weight / height (kg/m2)). Obesity can increase the mortality (death rate) a person with a life-threatening chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease and blood vessels, gall bladder, hormone sensitivity and gastric cancer.

Governance
Weight loss strategy should be to modify diet, physical activity, habits and avoid stress. The recommended diet is eating in moderation, eat less, eat foods that contain carbohydrates and fats. Approximately 55-65% of carbohydrates consumed from the total energy. Fruits, grains and vegetables, reproduction, and reduce the consumption of alcohol.
One factor that is important for weight-loss program is to increase daily physical activity. Physical activity is recommended for obesity is not too heavy activity such as walking and up and down stairs. Activities that are low to moderate intensity is strongly recommended

Brisk walking on a flat surface Jogging
Low surface cycling Cycling climbing
Gardening, planting trees, cutting branches Cutting wood
Painting a floor mop
Cleaning windows Swim
Fishing Playing ball
Playing badminton, basketball
Golf - walking and carrying a cane

If already implementing lifestyle changes above, but still does not work, can consult your doctor for help with medication management and other actions (operations).
The indicator is important for doctors to give drugs were:

Other weight loss methods do not succeed
Body mass index (BMI) over 27 and have medical complications of obesity such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or sleep apneu.
Your BMI is over 30

There are two prescription drugs that have been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for long-term treatment of obesity. Namely;

Sibutramine. These drugs alter the neural in your brain, which makes you feel full faster. Side effects of these drugs increase blood pressure, headache, dry mouth, constipation and insomnia.
Orlistat (Xenical). The way these drugs work is to prevent the absorption of fat in your gut. Fat is not absorbed will be disposed of with feces. Side effects that arises is an increase in bowel movements. Because these drugs will also absorb nutrients other than fat, your doctor may recommend taking a multivitamin.

If you've done the management of the above but did not succeed, then the administration of surgery may be an option. Operations considered if;

Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or more you
Your BMI 35 to 39.9 and you have other related complications such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Gastric bypass surgery, which would change the anatomy of the digestive tract to control the entry of the foods you eat. The surgeon will make a pouch at the top of the hull that will be connected with the small intestine. Then the food came in, went straight to the bag and directly into the small intestine. Hull will still issue a liquid to help destroy the food. This action can cause side effects such as pneumonia, blood clots and infection can occur. Losing weight too quickly will result in gallstones, hernia (at the abattoir). Gastric bypass can also cause dumping syndrome, a condition in which stomach contents too quickly into the small intestine, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness and sweating.

Obesity Risk
Obesity can increase the mortality (death rate) a person with a life-threatening chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease and blood vessels, gall bladder, hormone sensitivity and gastric cancer. Risk is also increased in conditions that are not fatal like back pain, arthritis, infertility, and psychosocial disorders.

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